(Dec 2019)  Page(s) 21.  
 
The first [direct descendant of 'Rose Edouard'] is a Bréon seedling from 1820, most likely from hips originated from Reunion. The corresponding rose still grows in the ...rose gardens such as L'Haÿ and Sangerhausen, as R. x borboniana or 'Bourbon Jacques'. The rosebush, freely suckering, is very vigorous and sends its canes reaching upwards of two meters. The flowers are markedly paler pink than the 'Rose Edouard'. ...
The genetic fingerprints of the two candidate roses [plus 'Rose des Ile-Bourbon']...which are tetraploids, were compared with those of the 'Rose Edouard'. The DNA tests show in both cases an identity of 50% of the markers for each locus considered, which means at least two of the four alleles. Among these shared markers, there is often an 'Old Blush' allele and a 'Four Seasons' allele, from the grandparents....Our results provide evidence that the 'Rose Jacques' and 'Rose des Ile Bourbon' represent direct descendants of 'Rose Edouard'...

(Dec 2019)  Page(s) 21.  
 
The first [direct descendant of 'Rose Edouard'] is a Bréon seedling from 1820, most likely from hips originated from Reunion. ...The second is the 'Rose des Ile-Bourbon' or 'Bourbon Queen', released by Mauget in 1834. Since it is later, this plant is assumed to derive from a seedling of 'Rose Edouard', then established in France since 1822. Alternatively, this rose might have been another seedling from Bréon...
The genetic fingerprints of the two candidate roses [plus 'Bourbon Jacques']...which are tetraploids, were compared with those of the 'Rose Edouard'. The DNA tests show in both cases an identity of 50% of the markers for each locus considered, which means at least two of the four alleles. Among these shared markers, there is often an 'Old Blush' allele and a 'Four Seasons' allele, from the grandparents....Our results provide evidence that the 'Rose Jacques' and 'Rose des Ile Bourbon' represent direct descendants of 'Rose Edouard'

(Dec 2019)  Page(s) 18-19.  
 
At first, it seemed important to test all Edouard and Edward roses from different collections, and from different continents, thanks to generous collectors from Reunion, France, India, and, of course, my own experimental garden in Colmar. The profiles are absolutely identical for all markers of all chromosomes. These results indicate that the typical "Rose Edouard" is one and the same clone. The 'Rose Edouard and the 'Edward' rose correspond to the same clone...
...we compared the Rose Edouard with the Rose 'Four Seasons' and found for each locus, at least 50% allele identity. ...The Damask rose 'Four Seasons' is a direct parent of 'Rose Edouard'. The reblooming trait of the latter is in part inherited from this parent...
...'Old Blush' seems to correspond to the second parent. The alleles of 'Rose Edouard' that do not come from the first parent 'Quatre Saisons', all correspond to those of 'Old Blush'. If the latter seems to be a good candidate, it is nevertheless diploid! The crossing between a diploid rose and a tetraploid rose should make the 'Rose Edouard', a triploid rose! We know that the latter is tetraploid. ...in crosses of roses with different ploidies, occasional non-disjunctions are always possible. In this case, for each locus, 'Old Blush' should not simply have given half of its chromosomes to 'Rose Edouard', but all.

(Dec 2019)  Page(s) 20.  
 
...the perpetual Damask 'Stanwell Perpetual'...is a spontaneous hybrid that appeared in an English garden in the 1820s. It is supposed to derive from a cross between an unknown R. spinosissima and the Damask 'Four Seasons'. We confirmed for the first time that the Damask rose 'Four Seasons' is indeed the direct parent of 'Stanwell Perpetual'....